2018高考卷(2018高考卷三文科数学答案)

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摘要今天我们来聊聊2018高考卷,以下6个关于2018高考卷的观点希望能帮助到您找到想要的大学知识。本文目录2018年高考英语全国卷1 - 阅读理解D2018年高考英语全国卷1 - 阅读理解A2018年高...

今天我们来聊聊2018高考卷,以下6个关于2018高考卷的观点希望能帮助到您找到想要的大学知识。

本文目录

  • 2018年高考英语全国卷1 - 阅读理解D
  • 2018年高考英语全国卷1 - 阅读理解A
  • 2018年高考全国卷1作文如何审题立意 怎么写不跑题深度点评
  • 2018年各地高考作文题是怎样的?
  • 2018高考英语阅读理解北京卷D篇浅析
  • 2018年高考英语北京卷 - 阅读理解C
  • 2018年高考英语全国卷1 - 阅读理解D

    We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things. 我们可能认为,在我们的文化中,一看到崭新的事物就会摒弃我们的旧技术,但一项新的研究表明,当旧设备过时了之后我们仍然继续使用。这对于环境和我们的钱包来说是个坏消息,因为这些过时的设备做同样的事情要比新设备消耗更多的能源。 To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life — from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007. 为了弄清楚这些设备的耗电量,纽约罗切斯特理工学院的卡莉·巴比特和她的同事跟踪了每种产品在其整个生命周期内造成的环境代价——从原料开采到停止使用该设备。这一方法提供了自20世纪90年代初以来家庭能源使用的变化数据。不同的年代出现了不同的设备。台式计算机、最初的移动电话和盒式电视定义了1992年。1997年,数码相机问世。2002年MP3播放器、智能手机和液晶电视进入家庭,2007年平板电脑和电子阅读器问世。 As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn't throw out our old ones. "The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids' room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house," said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We're not just keeping these old devices — we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window. 然而,当我们积累了更多的设备时,我们并没有扔掉我们的旧设备。一位研究人员说:“客厅的电视更换后放在孩子们的房间里,突然有一天,家里每个房间都有一台电视”。每个家庭拥有的电子设备平均数量从1992年的4台增加到2007年的13台。我们不仅保留了这些旧设备,我们还继续使用它们。根据巴比特团队的分析,旧的台式显示器和带有阴极射线管的盒式电视是最糟糕的设备,它们的能耗和温室气体排放量都很高,在1992年至2007年期间增加了一倍多。 So what's the solution? The team's data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%. 那么解决方案是什么呢?该团队的数据仅持续到2007年,但研究人员还探讨了如果消费者使用具有多种功能的新电子产品(如用于文字处理和电视观看的平板电脑)取代旧产品会发生什么情况。他们发现,用平板电脑上代替电视和台式电脑观看更多的娱乐点播节目,可以减少44%的能耗。

    2018年高考英语全国卷1 - 阅读理解A

    Washington, D.C. Bicycle Tours 华盛顿特区自行车之旅 Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C. 华盛顿特区樱花自行车之旅。 Duration: 3 hours 时长:3小时 This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see a world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington, D.C. Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom. Reserve your spot before availability — the cherry blossoms—disappear! 这个小型团体自行车之旅可以观赏华盛顿特区世界著名的樱花盛放。导游将介绍有关樱花以及绽放处著名纪念碑的历史课程。记住在樱花凋谢之前预定好! Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour 华盛顿首都纪念碑自行车之旅 Duration:3 hours (4 miles) 时长:3小时(4英里) Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monuments in Washington, D.C. Explore the monuments and memorials on the National Mall as your guide shares unique facts and history at each stop. Guided tour includes bike, helmet, cookies and bottled water. 加入一个有导游的自行车之旅,参观华盛顿特区一些最受欢迎的纪念碑。一边听导游在每一站分享不为人知的史实,一边探寻国家广场上的纪念碑和雕塑。旅游包括自行车、头盔、饼干和瓶装水。 Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, D.C. 华盛顿首都自行车之旅。 Duration:3 hours 时长:3小时 Morning or Afternoon, this bike tour is the perfect tour for D. C. newcomers and locals looking to experience Washington, D.C. in a healthy way with minimum effort. Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most, interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and parks. Comfortable bikes and a smooth tour route make cycling between the sites fun and relaxing. 不管是早上还是下午,对于那些想要以一种最为轻松的健康方式,体验华盛顿特区的新访客和当地人来说,这趟自行车之旅都是完美的。知识渊博的导游将为您介绍关于总统、国会、雕塑和公园的最有趣的故事。舒适的自行车和流畅的旅游路线让在不同地点之间骑自行车变得有趣和放松。 Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour 华盛顿首都夜景自行车之旅 Duration:3 hours(7miles) 持续时间:3小时(7英里) Join a small group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington, D.C. Get up close to the monuments and memorials as you bike the sites of Capitol Hill and the National Mall. Frequent stops are made for photo taking as your guide offers unique facts and history. Tour includes bike, helmet, and bottled water. All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights. 加入一个小型团体自行车之旅,夜游华盛顿特区的中心地带。当你骑自行车经过国会山和国家广场时,你要靠近纪念碑和雕塑。当导游介绍不为人知的史实时,我们会经常停下来拍照。旅游包括自行车、头盔和瓶装水。所有骑手都配有反光背心和安全灯。

    2018年高考全国卷1作文如何审题立意 怎么写不跑题深度点评

    2018年高考全国卷1作文如何审题立意 怎么写不跑题深度点评 2018年高考全国卷1作文如何审题立意 怎么写不跑题深度点评 一、2018年高考全国卷1作文题目 2018高考全国卷1高考作文题目:写给未来2035年的他给 二、2018年高考全国卷1作文点评分析 关注时代,关注成长 ——全国I卷大作文评析 2018年全国I卷语文作文题相比2017年稳中有变。“稳”的方面在于,既延续了任务驱动型的命题方式,又保持了对国家发展、民族复兴的高度关注。“变”的方面在于,相比去年横向的,多点关联的思维,今年更强调纵向的、代际传承的情怀。 题干先是列举了一系列时间节点,始于2000年,终于2035年。2000年,是大部分考生的出生年;2035年,则是第一个“15年”结束,基本实现社会主义现代化的历史节点。以此为始终,鲜明地展现出对考生的期许——作为新时代的接班人,个人命运理应与时代命运紧密相连。 以下的一系列时间节点,无不既呈现出他们的成长,又体现出对时代的密切关注。汶川大地震,承载着“多难兴邦” “众志成城”的民族记忆;北京奥运会,传递着“同一个世界,同一个梦想”的普世价值;天宫一号,志在星空,代表科技和创新的力量;村村通、精准扶贫,脚踏实地,代表对民生的切实关注;互联网的普及,构成了这个时代最重要的特征。2000年的“世纪宝宝”,正是在这样的环境中成长起来,理应对此具有自己独特的认识和思考。 在列举时代节点的基础上,题目设计了一个令人叫绝的任务指令:将对此的联想和思考装进“时光瓶”,留待2035年开启,给那时18岁的一代人阅读。如果说上述一系列的`时间节点体现了思考的开放性,给予了考生足够的自由选材、自由表达的空间;那么“给那时18岁的一代人”阅读,则充实了题目的导向性,要求考生无论如何选择,均需以未来为指向,以对后辈负责的态度和对时代的担当精神,将对民族的责任、对未来的思考和期许传承下去。 今年成人的“世纪宝宝”,正是即将接过历史接力棒,承担时代使命的一代。而本次作文题,给予了他们更高远的使命:不仅要接下这一棒,更要有明确的蓝图设计,有将接力棒传递下去的历史眼光。这恰恰体现了高考命题“立德树人”,培养社会主义事业合格建设者和可靠接班人的根本任务。也告诫未来的高考考生,绝不能闭门读书,应当关注时代与社会,培养自己的时代主人翁精神。

    2018年各地高考作文题是怎样的?

    2018年6月7日,2018年高考语文科目结束,各地作文题全部公布。今年共有8套试卷:三份全国卷,北京卷、天津卷、上海卷、江苏卷、浙江卷。 1.全国卷I:写给未来2035年的那个他 (适用地区河北、河南、山西、山东、江西、安徽、湖北、湖南、广东、福建) 阅读下面的材料,根据要求写作。 2000年农历庚辰龙年,人类迈进新千年,中国千万”世纪宝宝“出生。 2008年汶川大地震。北京奥运会。 2013年”天宫一号“首次太空授课。 公路”村村通“接近完成了;“精准扶贫”开始推动。 2017年网民规模达7.72亿,互联网普及率超全球平均水平。 2018年“世纪宝宝”长大成人。 …… 2020年全面建成小康社会。 2035年基本实现社会主义现代化。 一代人有一代人的机遇和机缘使命和挑战。你们与新世纪的中国一路同行、成长,和中国的新时代一起追梦、圆梦。以上材料触发了你怎样的联想和思考?请据此写一篇文章,想象它装进“时光瓶”留待2035年开启,给那时18岁的一代人阅读。 要求:选好角度,确定立意,明确文体,自拟标题,不要套作,不得抄袭,不得泄露个人信息;不少于800字。 2.全国卷Ⅱ:对战机防护 (适用地区:甘肃、青海、内蒙古、黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、宁夏、新疆、陕西、重庆、海南) “二战”期间,为了加强对战机防护,英美军方调查了作战后幸存飞机上的弹痕的分布,决定哪里弹痕多就加强哪里,然而统计学家沃德力排众议,指出更应该注意弹痕少的部位,因为这些部位收到重创的战机,很难有机会返航,而这部分数据被忽略了,事实证明,沃德是正确的。 要求:综合材料内容及含意,选好角度,确定立意,明确文体,自拟标题:不要套作,不得抄袭:不少于800字。 3.全国卷III:根据标语写作 (适用地区:云南、广西、贵州、四川)。 材料作文:围绕以下三个标语写作, 1981年深圳特区时间就是金钱,效率就是生命; 2005年浙江绿水青山就是金山银山; 2017年雄安走好我们这一代的长征路。 选好角度、确定立意、文体不限,写一篇不少于800字的文章。 4.北京卷:二选一 今年北京卷的高考大作文仍然是二选一,要求考生从下面两个题目中任选一题,按要求作答,不少于700字。 1、今天,众多2000年出生的考生走进高考考场。18年过去了,祖国在不断发展,大家也成长为青年。 请以“新时代新青年——谈在祖国发展中成长”为题,写一篇议论文。 要求:观点明确,论据恰当充实,论证合理 2、生态文明建设关乎中华民族的永续发展,优美生态环境是每一个中国人的期盼。 请展开想象,以“绿水青山图”为题,写一篇记叙文,形象展现人与自然和谐相处的美好图景。 要求:立意积极向上,叙事合理。时间、地点、人物、叙事人称自定。有细节、有描写。 附:北京小作文 从下面三个题目中任选一题,按要求作答。 1、在《红岩》、《边城》、《老人与海》中,至少选择一部作品,用一组排比比喻句抒写你从中获得的教益。 2、从《红楼梦》、《呐喊》、《平凡的世界》中选择一个即可悲又可叹的人物,简述这个人物形象。 3、读过《论语》,在孔子的众弟子中,你喜欢颜回,还是曾参?或者其他哪位?请选择一位,为他写一段评语。 5.天津卷:“器” 阅读下面材料,根据自己的体验和感悟,写一篇文章。 生活中有不同的“器”。器能盛纳万物,美的形制与好的内容相得益彰;器能助人成事,有利器方成匠心之作;有一种“器”叫器量,兼容并包,彰显才识气度;有一种“器”叫国之重器,肩负荣光,成就梦想…… 要求:①自选角度,自拟标题; ②文体不限(诗歌除外),文体特征鲜明; ③不少于800字;④不得抄袭,不得套作。 6.上海卷:被需要 生活中,人们不仅关注自身的需要,也时常渴望被他人需要,以体现自己的价值。这种“被需要”的心态普遍存在,对此你有怎样的认识?请写一篇文章,谈谈你的思考。要求:(1)自拟题目;(2)不少于800字。 7.江苏卷 2018年高考,江苏卷语文作文题大致为:花自语,鸟有语,生活处处有语言。生命也可以用语言来解读,雕塑、基因……都可以用语言来传递。语言丰富生活,语言诠释生命,语言传承文明。请根据所给材料作文,自己拟题,文体不限,诗歌除外,不少于800字。 8.浙江卷 浙江大地,历史上孕育过务实、知行合一、经世致用等思想,今天有形成了“干在实处、灿烂走在前列、勇立潮头“的浙江精神。 在与时俱进的浙江文化滋养下,代代浙江人书写了一个又一个浙江故事,创造了一个又一个浙江传奇。 作为浙江学子,站在人生新起点,你有怎样的体验和思考?结合上述材料,写一篇文章。 注意:1. 角度自选,立意自定,题目自拟。2. 明确问题,不得写成诗歌。3. 不得少于800字。4. 不得抄袭、套作。

    2018高考英语阅读理解北京卷D篇浅析

    首先,文本选自洛杉矶时报http://www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-ed-autonomous-vehicles-planning-20180309-story.html  2018年3月9日发表的名为If we don't plan for them, autonomous vehicles could make our car-dominated transit system even worse的文章。 看原标题可以得出几个信息:1.目前有plan,2.car−dominated transit system是关键问题3.even worse,也就是有前提条件,然后才可能出现某种预期。 这篇阅读理解试题选文的特点是,1.文章是国外主流媒体新近更新的文章,相对于高考日期来说是比较新的。2.题材相对比较前沿——关于无人驾驶汽车。相对来说的新科技话题,具有一定的信息引领性。同时,无人驾驶也是目前比较有争论的话题,所以任何一篇文章都不会完全从某一个角度独立来分析阐述这一现象,除非绝对的专业测评或者技术等视角,普通评论或者描述文章一定都会有或多或少的利弊分析,因为这是未知因素会有所影响的一个话题。本文也不例外,但是本文经过改编后明显把话题倾向性定位在positive 上,整体看不出明显的问题,但是会有对客观事实的微小不尊重。这是从阅读理解试题选文的真实性信息来考虑的。本文读者受众没有刻意的区分和归类以及倾向性,文章也不算纯粹的科普文,属于普通的说事文吧,依然是侧重introduce and describe ,因为没有明显的正反观点的对比,文中对比主要体现在现象的比较,所以涉及argumentation 的成分很少。基于此,本文的行文,正常来说要围绕提出问题——分析问题——解决问题来进行。 试卷文本和原文比较有大量删减改编。 首先看改编后的标题Preparing Cities for Robot Cars关键信息定位在preparing cities。但是我们在正文当中是否能够找到关键信息来支持标题核心信息,我认真阅读后,还是不明朗。但是原选文标题比较符合原选文的核心内容。而且此标题从语言角度来说也不好理解,所以标题不做更多解释。 (2018•北京)阅读理解D 标题Preparing Cities for Robot Cars 试题文章第一段 原本想和原文比较一下改动部分,但是改动太大,就省略了吧,很明显感觉改动得不是很好。比如prospect被替换为possibility 这个在理解文本含义上可以理解,但是假如作为精读去点对点分析,就会不如原词汇那么妥帖,我只能用这个词来形容。看prospects词汇解释: 以此例来说明改编的可能的不准确性,文本下面部分的改编的类似问题不再重复说明。 The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. 开篇点“题”,把无人驾驶汽车的现存状态通过一个语义对比句展示出来。告知读者本文是围绕无人驾驶汽车现状的某个问题阐述的。接下来的test,cleared the way 暗示一是有测试环节,二是有相关辅助环节。 California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. 这是本文中围绕标题而出现的最重要的关键信息。暗示cities在无人驾驶领域所可能做出的贡献。 But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. 此处有本文的一个题点关键词regulated,提示regulation 对于无人驾驶未来走向的重要性。看48题: As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?          A. Safety.              B. Side effects.                    C. Affordability.            D. Management. 题干部分有关键信息词author ,major 所以就限定是本文作者的重点的……关注点,所以需要透彻理解本文所传递的信息是什么,还要结合选项内容来看。同时结合原文看,本文是把safety 部分内容删除掉了,而我们看四个选项事实上都可以,四个选项和客观真实性是保持一致的,至于本试题当中认为限制答案为D,从做题角度会有很多解释,但是这样的试题不严密,且,好的试题不会用major来限定。 第二段 While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also ……段首用了一个暗含转折,实际上是语义的一个侧重“确定”的句子,使用了while …also表达,前后两者都存在,但是此处侧重强调后者的意思。那么也就是说safety 问题是现存的一个相关焦点,但是这里作者想要强调also后面的内容。所以,从全文角度看,经过改编的文本有了作者或者文章态度上的些许不同,本段和原文比较有部分词汇改编删减,但是基本符合要求,没有大的变化。 接下来的内容作者具体描述无人驾驶汽车的优势和特色,包括停车管理,环境保护,以及和出租车公司等相比较的更多的便利,原文提到了优步等出租公司的disadvantageous ,但试题文本有删减,所以个别信息在理解上会觉得有模糊的感觉,不透彻。本段结束。 在此,我们就可以暂停,看试题: 47.According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.          A. help deal with transportation-related problems      B. provide better services to customers C. cause damage to our environment                    D. make some people lose jobs 题干中使用了pay attention to ,而这个题干是完全可以修改成一个更地道的句子的,也可以是问答方式,不是填空式。重点又在author 和attention 来限定信息,也就是可以推测,题目需要做答的是作者在本文中想要表达的观点,那么根据文本内容,c项是可以否定的。abd都不是可以完全限制的信息,也就是都有可能性,只是a项更符合出题人的思路,所以答案是A。 接下来看下一段内容, Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services. 段首一句属于段落衔接句,用设问的形式引出来。一方面提示读者思考,给出自己的思维判断,同时引出下面作者想要陈述的内容,此句看关键词worsen ,也就是说,作者暗示的观点是现有的交通的诸多不利因素,对于无人驾驶汽车来说会是什么样的一种对比分析结果呢?而通过上文中作者的情感态度,大致可以判断,下文作者想要阐述的是如何规避现有交通的不利因素。通过阅读试卷上的文本,我感觉此段信息和句首信息不一致,而且不符合常理,所以我再次查阅原文,因为在手机上编辑,顺便简单截图一下,如下: 通过阅读原文,可以了解,此处被命题人删除掉了,但是此举就完全改变了文章的行文思路和意义的正常表达。因为在提到了无人驾驶汽车的优势以后,作者做了一个imagine ,也就是假想内容,而此假设导致的结果就是满街的无人驾驶汽车,而此句也被命题人删除了,但是这些信息是非常关键的信息,是管理者要解决无人驾驶汽车所要面对的关键问题,删除后,就不能体现初衷含义了,而且阅读时会晦涩,不能够真正表达真实场景。具体语言不做分析解释,接下来看下一段, A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first  commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.此段因为删除掉的信息,而会觉得没有自然的过度和衔接。在介绍了环保和降低使用成本等优势以后,作者把话题引到了首批无人驾驶汽车的试用上, commercially available,almost certainly,technologyas well as liability and maintenance issues,这些词是属于此处的主要信息词,提示下面举措的原因,命题人没有在此处命题,而是避开,命制了一个所谓猜测词义题目。来看试题: 49.What does the underlined word "fielded" in Paragraph 4 probably mean?          A. Employed.                        B. Replaced.                      C. Shared.                        D. Reduced. 根据field所在原文语境,提示,鉴于一些考量首先要把无人驾驶技术应用于叫车服务领域。field在此处取其名词“领域”的动词含义“应用于某一领域”,在此,也就是把车辆服务划分了,可能有:公共交通,私人汽车,叫车服务等等。所以在理解此词的时候需要理解原语境的微妙提示,而不是简单来随意根据主观判断下结论,尽管结论可能也不是太离谱,至少我查了很多词典,没有查到field的英英解释为employ。细节不做分析。继续下一段, Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.  最后一段,我们看它的情感态度,一个对未来的期待和展望,是建立在对现有一些问题和技术的解决和确认的基础上的,也就是说,作者的观点态度中规中矩,但最后一句还是表达了对未来无人驾驶汽车的正面期待。结尾段,对整个上文信息做了概括总结,综合了上文信息点。看最后一题: 50.What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?          A. Doubtful.                      B. Positive.                      C. Disapproving.                      D. Sympathetic. 答案是B。这个不多说,假如发散开来还有很多内容能够阐述。 总结一下: 本题目选自主流外刊,时间比较新,话题比较新。命题人对文本进行了一定量的改动删减,个人认为已经影响了准确和地道信息的传递,这是不太看好的地方。文本语言和结构没有特殊难点,试题命制也没有深度思维理解的题目,所以考虑试题安排难度,应该不是难题范畴。解读本文本相当于外刊解读的一个过程了。所以说高考题目文本精良,和外刊解读和运用分割开来不是一个真命题。我记得16年北京好像也是D篇,也是命题人做了一些删减改编,而使得整个行文不达意,试题缺少信息支持。这是一个不可忽视的命题问题。 没有时间和精力做更精细的分析。 下面是试题原文: Preparing Cities for Robot Cars The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared. Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services. A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology. Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.  47.According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.          A. help deal with transportation-related problems      B. provide better services to customers C. cause damage to our environment                    D. make some people lose jobs 48.As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?          A. Safety.                    B. Side effects.                  C. Affordability.            D. Management. 49.What does the underlined word "fielded" in Paragraph 4 probably mean?      A. Employed.                      B. Replaced.                      C. Shared.                        D. Reduced. 50.What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?          A. Doubtful.                      B. Positive.                    C. Disapproving.                    D. Sympathetic.

    2018年高考英语北京卷 - 阅读理解C

    Plastic-Eating Worms 吃塑料的蠕虫 Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills, and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms. 人类每年生产超过3亿吨塑料,其中几乎一半被作为垃圾填埋, 多达1200万吨污染海洋。目前还没有有效的方法来消除它,但一项新的研究表明,答案可能在于一些饥饿蠕虫的胃。 Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms' chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass--apparently broken down by enzymes from the worms' stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017. 西班牙和英国的研究人员最近发现,大蜡螟的蠕虫可以分解聚乙烯,聚乙烯占塑料的40%。研究小组将100只蜡虫蠕虫放在一个商用聚乙烯购物袋中12小时,这些蠕虫消耗并分解了约92毫克,约占总量的3%。为了证实蠕虫的咀嚼并不是聚乙烯分解的原因,研究人员将一些蠕虫制成糊状物并将其放置于塑料薄膜。14小时后,这些胶片失去了13%的质量——显然被蠕虫胃里的酶分解了。他们的发现发表在2017年的《当代生物学》上。 Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms' ability to break down their everyday food-beeswax--also allows them to break down plastic. "Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, "she explains. "The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. " 这项研究的合著者费德丽卡·贝尔托基尼说,蠕虫分解日常食物——蜂蜡的能力,也可以让它们分解塑料。“蜡是一种复杂的混合物,但聚乙烯中的基本键——碳碳键——也存在,”她解释道,“蜡虫进化出一种方法或系统来破坏这种键。” Jennifer Debruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes? 田纳西大学的微生物学家詹妮弗·德布鲁恩没有参与这项研究,她说,这种蠕虫可以破坏聚乙烯,这并不奇怪。但与之前的研究相比,她发现这次研究的分解速度令人兴奋。德布鲁恩说,下一步将是确定分解原因。这种酶是由蠕虫自身产生还是肠道微生物产生? Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process-not simply "millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.” 贝尔托基尼对此表示同意,并希望她的研究小组的发现有朝一日能利用这种酶在垃圾填埋场分解塑料。但她希望在某种工业过程中使用这种化学物质,而不仅仅是将“数百万只蠕虫扔在塑料上”。

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