今天我们来聊聊独立主格结构,以下6个关于独立主格结构的观点希望能帮助到您找到想要的大学知识。
本文目录
独立主格结构是什么？
独立主格结构是一个独立主格的名词或代词（作为逻辑主格），加上一个分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语。其作用相当于状语，多用来表示行为、方式或伴随的情况，有时也用来表示时间和条件。这种结构多用在书面语中。
一、几种常见的独立主格结构形式
1.名词（或代词）＋现在分词（或过去分词）。如：
1）The moon appearing,they decided to go on with theirjouney.
2）Good-bye said,he went home.
2.名词（或代词）＋形容词。如：
3）The weather(being)hot,we all went swimming.
3.名词（或代词）＋不定式。如：
4）Some of the money to be paid by the thief, the policewent.
4.名词（或代词）＋介词短语。如：
5）He climbed in,sword in hand.
5.名词（或代词）＋副词。如：
6）The meeting(being)over, we left the room.
独立主格结构的模式是:
主格名词/代词 + 分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
(作逻辑主语) (作逻辑谓语)
1. All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs.
2. The question settled, we went home.
3. The river having risen in the night, the crossing was impossible.
主格名词/代词 + 分词 (过去分词/现在分词)
主格名词/代词 + 形容词
1. His mother being ill, he had to stay home to look after her.
2. Other things being equal, I would buy the black dress.
主格名词/代词 + 副词
The meeting being over, our headmaster soon left
the meeting-room.
We to care for the children, you are able to be carefree
away from home.
主格名词/代词 + 不定式
主格名词/代词 +介词短语
Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand.
with复合结构 与 独立主格结构
它们都可以在句中作原因状语,伴随状况状语,条件状语,时间状语或结果状语用,一般也可以相互转换.虽然它们的语法功能和意义相同,但其结构形式和名称却不相同.
with复合结构的模式是:
with+名词/代词+分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
独立主格结构的模式是:
主格名词/代词+分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
一,作时间状语
1,With winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and
some birds fly south.
=Winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some
birds fly south.
二,作原因状语
1,With the weather terribly cold, we entered the
room to warm ourselves.
= The weather terribly cold, we entered the room to warm ourselves.
2,With the key having been lost, she could not
enter the room.
= The key having been lost, she could not enter the room.
三,作条件状语
1,With time permitting, we'll visit the Summer Palace.
= Time permitting, we'll visit the Summer Palace.
2,With the car going wrong, we'll have to stop
at the foot of the mountain.
= The car going wrong, we'll have to stop at the foot
of the mountain.
四,作伴随状语
1,The mother was cleaning the house with her baby
playing on the bed.
=The mother was cleaning the house, her baby playing
on the bed.
2,Last night I followed him, with a sword in my hand.
= Last night I followed him , sword in hand.
无论with复合结构还是独立主格结构,都不可有动词的谓语形式充当其中的逻辑谓语.如下例中的was就必须去掉:
He sat at the desk reading
with a pen was in his right hand.
with复合结构可以作后置定语修饰名词,而独立主格结构则不可作后置定语修饰名词.
Soon she arrived at a park with grass green and
flowers in blossom.
= Soon she arrived at a park whose grass was green
and whose flowers were in blossom.
独立主格结构
所谓独立主格结构就是在充当状语的附加成分中含有一个独立于句子主语以外的名词或代词的一种结构，这个独立于句子主语的名词或代词是该结构的逻辑主语，也就是独立主格，其构成形式是“独立主格 + 其他短语”。 常用的独立主格结构有以下几种： 1、独立主格 + 分词短语，如： * (The chairman began the meeting),everyone being seated. 每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。（独立主格 The chairman + 现在分词短语） * He was listening attentively in class, (hiseyes fixed on the blackboard). 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。（独立主格his eyes + 过去分词短语. ） 2、独立主格 + 形容词短语，如： * He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 他睡眼惺忪地转向我。（独立主格 his eyes + 形容词 sleepy.） * He stood there, his mouth wide open. 他站在那里，嘴张得大大的。（独立主格 his mouth + 形容词短语 wide open.） 3、独立主格 + 不定式短语，如： * I send you 100 dollars today, the rest tofollow in a year. 现寄给你100美元，其余部分将在一年以后再寄。（独立主格the rest + 不定式短语 to follow in a year.） * The manager looks worried，manythings to be settled. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（独立主格many things + 不定式短语 to be settled） 4、独立主格 + 小品副词（即与介词同形的副词），如： * School over, we all went home. 放学了，我们都回家了。（独立主格 School + 小品副词 over） * He sat at his desk, his shoes off. 他坐在课桌旁，没穿鞋子。（ 独立主格 his shoes + 小品副词off.） 5、独立主格 + 介词短语，如： * He is standing infront of the blackboard, his back towards us. 他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。（ 独立主格 his back + 介词短语 towards us.） * The newteacher came in, a smile on her face. 新老师面带微笑走了进来。（ 独立主格 a smile + 介词短语 on her face.） 注：表示伴随方式的独立主格结构还可以在这种结构前加介词 with。
什么是独立主格结构，怎么判断的
非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。
判断方法：
如果一个句子有独立主格结构（含有非谓语动词的独立主格结构），这个句子一定有状语，且状语是用逗号与主句隔开的。其次这个状语中一定要含有非谓语动词。
而且整个状语中含有非谓语动词的逻辑主语，且逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间的逻辑关系是成立的（一定要确保这个逻辑主语不是整个句子的主语）。那么这个作“状语”的结构就是一个独立主格结构。
His hand waving in the air, the little boy ran away.
小男孩跑开了，他的手在空中挥动着。（划线部分为独立主格结构）
扩展资料
独立主格结构常有以下几种类型：
1、名词或代词(主格)＋-ing形式／过去分词
在这种结构中，独立主格结构的功能相似于分词或分词短语作状语，但分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语，而独立主格结构中doing/ done 的逻辑主语是它前面的名词或代词。
如果前面的名词或代词与后面的非谓语动词在逻辑上为主动关系，就用“名词／代词＋doing”结构；如果为被动关系，则用“名词／代词＋done”结构。分词的逻辑主语为人称代词时，应用主格形式。
2、名词或代词(主格)＋不定式
在这种结构中，独立主格结构中的不定式的动作多用来表示将来的行为或表示“企图”、“约定”等，指的是事先按计划安排要做的事情。
如果前面的名词或代词与后面的不定式在逻辑上是主动关系，就用“名词或代词＋ to do”结构；如果是被动关系，则用“名词／代词＋ to be done”结构。不定式的逻辑主语为人称代词时，应用主格形式。
3、名词或代词(主格)＋形容词／副词
在这种结构中，独立主格结构中的形容词／副词常常用来表示伴随或对细节作其补充说明，形容词／副词与前面的名词或代词之间在逻辑上有主系表关系。
所以此结构也可写成：名词或代词＋being＋形容词／副词，其中being是非谓语(系)动词，往往省略，但being的逻辑主语是人称代词时，being不能省略。形容词／副词的逻辑主语为人称代词时，应用主格形式。
4、名词或代词(主格)＋介词短语
在这种结构中，独立主格结构中的名词和介词后面的名词前一般都没有冠词或人称代词所有格修饰，名词也通常使用单数形式，其功能和结构相当于with的复合结构, 在句子中主要作伴随等状语。
5、名词或代词(主格)＋名词
在这种结构中，独立主格结构中的名词与前面的名词或代词之间在逻辑上有主系表关系，在句子中主要作伴随、原因等状语或作进一步说明。
此结构也可写成：名词或代词＋ being ＋名词，其中being是非谓语(系)动词，往往省略，但being的逻辑主语是人称代词时，being不能省略。名词的逻辑主语为人称代词时，应用主格形式。
6、there being +名词
这种独立主格结构实际上是由there be句型表示存在作状语时构成的。
独立主格结构是什么？
一、概念：有时一个名词/代词 + 一个其他结构,在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句或并列句，人们通常称这种结构为独立主格或独立结构。 二、独立主格的结构： n/pron + doing River rising, they had to left for safety. to do Much work to do, they had to work for extra hours. done All the work done, they went for lunch. adj. He entered the room, his nose red with cold. adv. He was lying in bed, light on. Prepositional phrase He walked in, cane in hand. 在这种结构中，n/pron.在逻辑上是后一部分的主语，后一部分相当于谓语或表语。这种结构在句子中只能作状语， 三、独立主格在句中通常充当以下状语成分： 1、 伴随状语（方式状语）：相当于一个并列句。 He was watching TV, his mouth half open. He fell to the ground, blood coming down his nose. The policeman entered the dark room,gun in hand. The old man sat down,his face pale with pain. 2、 时间状语：相当于一个时间状语从句。 Meeting over, everyone tried to do something for the project. Spring coming, the flowers are coming out. The problem settled, everyone was filled with joy. 3、 原因状语：相当于一个原因状语从句。 John (being) away, Tom had to do the work on his own. It being dark, they had to walk with the torches on. There being no bus, they had no choice but to take a taxi. 4、 条件状语：相当于一个条件状语从句。 Weather permitting, we’ll have a picnic this Sunday. Enough time given, we’ll do the job better. 注：有时可以在独立主格前面加上介词with,构成with +复合宾语结构。 如：With the problem settled, the computer restarted. With the old man leading, we had no difficulty finding the old Red Army man’s house. You should not speak to others with your mouth full of food. He left the bathroom,with the water running. He rushed out with a knife in his hand. 此句可改写为 He rushed out ,a knife in his hand.或 He rushed out, knife in hand. 但是,“with + 复合宾语”结构也可以用作定语。 如：Soon they found themselves walking in a valley with high mountains aroud it. He lives in a village with a railway behind it. Harry Potter is a boy with a scar on his forehead.
什么是独立主格结构
独立主格结构介绍如下： 独立主格 （一）： 独立主格结构的构成： 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词； 名词(代词)+形容词； 名词(代词)+副词； 名词(代词)+不定式； 名词(代词) +介词短语构成. （二） 独立主格结构的特点： 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在. 2）名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定 式,介词等是主谓关系. 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开. 举例： The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了,我们开始放假. The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中. Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许,我们明天去看你. This done, we went home. 工作完成后,我们才回家. The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家. He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了. He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆。
什么是独立主格结构？
一、独立主格结构的概念及基本构成形式
独立主格结构(the absolute structure)是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。例如：
1)Night enshrouding the earth,nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.(黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。)
2)He lay at full length upon his stomach,his head resting upon his left forearm.(他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。)
3)The coward was backing,his face being deathly pale,toward another room.(那个胆小鬼向另一个房间退去，脸色煞白。)
独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。例如，上述例句可变为：
1)Because night enshrouded the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.
2)He lay at full length upon his stomach.His head rested upon his left forearm.
3)The coward was backing toward another room.His face was deathly pale.
二、独立主格结构的特殊构成形式
独立主格结构除上述基本构成形式，即名词／代词＋分词(短语)外，还有如下特殊构成形式。
1.名词＋介词短语
1)The mayor of Hiroshima strode at a leisure pace toward the puzzled journalist,a bunch of flowers in his hands.(广岛市市长双手捧着一束鲜花，迈着方步走向那个迷惑不解的记者。)
2)Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the ramshackle house,a vast load of firewood on her back.(每天下午，一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间东倒西歪的房屋前蹒跚着走过。)
2.名词＋形容词(短语)
1)The Trojans asleep,the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse.(特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。)
2)The wretched boy,who has recently been dragged from the forest to scrub floors in the barracks,is now sweeping away the snow,his hands numb with cold.(那个可怜的小男孩最近刚刚从森林中被抓进兵营里打扫地板，现在他正在扫雪，手都冻麻了。)
3.名词＋副词
1)This little excitement over,nothing was to be done but to return to a steadfast gaze at my mute companion.(一阵小小的兴奋过后，除了再去死死地盯着我的哑伴外，别无它事可干了。)
2)This intermezzo over,he found himself surrounded by several stunning,
porcelain-faced Japanese women in kimonos.(这曲子过后，他发现自己身处几位穿着和服并且有着娇好面容的日本女人的包围之中。)
此外，with常常用在独立主格结构前，构成介词短语作状语。这种用法中的with不表达什么意义，因而常可省略。请看例句：
1)With a revolver in his right hand, Johnny hurled his muscular body against the door and smashed it down with a crash.(约翰尼右手拿着左轮手枪，健壮的身体猛扑在门上，轰隆一声把门撞开了。)
2)The traffic inched along,with horns honking.(汽车缓慢地向前挪着，喇叭声不断响着。)
三、独立主格结构的用法
独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。
1.作时间状语
1)My shoes removed,I entered a low-ceilinged room,treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting.＝After my shoes were removed, I entered a low-ceilinged room,treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting.(我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。)
2)The governor pondering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path.＝While the governor was pondering the matter,more strikers gathered across his path.(总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。)
2.作条件状语
1)Weather permitting,they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.＝If weather permits,they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.(如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。)
2)Such being the case,you have no grounds for dismissing him.＝If such is the case,you have no grounds for dismissing him.(如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。)
3.作原因状语
1)The storm drawing near,the navvy decided to call it a day.＝Since the storm was drawing near,the navvy decided to call it a day.(由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。)
2)The Cossack being intent on his stalking,his foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger.＝Because the Cossack was intent on his stalking,his foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger.(这位哥萨克人只顾专心致志地朝前大步走着，所以一只脚踩上了伸出地面的树枝，那是一个机关的起动装置。)
4.作伴随状语
1)I took my ticket,and marched proudly up the platform,with my cheeses,the people falling back respectfully on either side.＝I took my ticket,and marched proudly up the platform,with my cheeses,and the people fell back respectfully on either side.(我拿着车票还有我的奶酪，雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我，纷纷向两边退去。)
2)He would appear in the doorway,gray fedora pulled low over his face,his eyes sweeping the room for any sign of trouble.＝He would appear in the doorway.A gray fedora was pulled low over his face,and his eyes swept the room for any sign of trouble.(他常常出现在门廊里，一顶灰色浅顶软呢帽遮住大半个脸，眼睛扫过整个房屋，寻找滋事的迹象。)
四、独立主格结构常见出题形式及解题策略
独立主格结构是一常考项目，在各级各类考试中多以语法结构填空形式出现。例如：
1)All flights ______ ,we decided to take a greyhound.
A.were canceled
B.had been canceled
C.having canceled
D.having been canceled
2)The production ______ steadily,the factory needs an ever-increasing supply of raw material.
A.has gone up B.is going up
C.having gone up D.being gone up
此类题型的解题策略可以概括为"结构分析法"，即首先分析句子结构，判断句子缺少的成分，同时注意主句与其他部分之间有无连接词，是否用逗号隔开。若有逗号而无连接词，则可对选项部分作如下初步判断：1)选项部分可能会构成状语从句或非限制性定语从句(但二者必须由从属连词或关系代词、关系副词引导)；2)选项部分可能会构成起状语作用的非谓语动词短语(但非谓语动词作状语时其逻辑主语通常为主句的主语)；3)选项部分可能会构成起状语作用的独立主格结构(独立主格结构有自己的主语，并可扩展为状语从句或独立句子)。初步判断后，即可联系句子，对照选项，作出选择。
上述例题1)中的选项A和B与All flights构成了句子，但该句没有任何从属连词、关系代词或关系副词引导，与主句之间也无连接词，因而是错误的，应排除。选项C和D与All flights都可构成独立主格结构，作原因状语，但根据题意，应选D，因为"班机"是"被取消"的。
同样，例题2)中的选项A和B与名词the production构成了句子，但该句无连接词连接两个句子，因而应排除。选项C和D与the production都可构成独立主格结构，作原因状语，但根据题意，"产量在稳步增长"，在逻辑上是主谓关系，应用主动语态，所以应选C。
此外，独立主格结构也时常见于其他诸如Cloze Test等题型中，并能广泛运用于写作和翻译之中。可见，掌握了独立主格结构对于学生提高综合应试能力是大有裨益的。
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